Before we delve into the scheduled topic, let's pause to consider our usual perceptions of urban transportation systems. Are we aware of their complexity, multifaceted nature, and inherent unpredictability? Conversely, why do we more readily observe and record systematic shortcomings, such as frequent delays?

The challenges and issues encountered by transportation systems differ from city to city. Nevertheless, it is feasible to identify several that are somewhat universal. A thorough evaluation of these challenges and issues enables the stakeholders responsible for system implementation, management, and upkeep to make informed, data-driven, and optimal choices.

When it comes to the electrification of urban transport, the following four challenges are usually highlighted:

The first point is largely beyond the scope of the issues pertinent to this module, as it pertains more to overarching policies. Nonetheless, we will delve into all the other points in greater detail. Before we begin, let's reflect on our usual perceptions of urban transportation systems. Are we aware of their complexity, their intricate nature, and the unpredictability stemming from these characteristics? On the other hand, the system's frequent flaws, like delays, are often more noticeable.

The simultaneous development of infrastructure and the vehicle market is often likened to the "chicken and egg" conundrum, making it challenging to evaluate these elements separately. Surveys from various countries indicate that infrastructure quality, cost, and electric vehicle range are key determinants in consumer decision-making.

In terms of infrastructure development, particularly charging stations, it is important to answer the following three questions:

In recent years, Armenia has seen considerable advancements in the adoption of electric vehicles and the expansion of charging infrastructure. As of December 2023, there were nearly 15,000 registered electric vehicles in the country, and the count of public charging stations—still on the rise—is estimated to be between 200 and 250, based on various sources. By approximating these figures and considering the most favorable estimates, it appears that each charger is required to cater to approximately 60 vehicles. For comparison, the average global number in 2021 was about 9 vehicles per charger. This number is close to the "Directive on the Deployment of Alternative Fuels Infrastructure" set by the EU in 2014 (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0094-20211112), which stipulates that this ratio should be less than 10 in EU countries.

In Armenia, like in many other nations including those at the forefront of electric mobility such as Norway, the expansion of infrastructure is not keeping pace with market development. This indicates a significant need for further legislative regulation and foundational work. Additionally, beyond the sheer number of charging stations, the strategic placement of these stations is crucial. For instance, with bus fleets, it's vital to evaluate the feasibility of slow overnight charging at a designated depot and rapid charging at route termini. This principle also applies to private companies considering the adoption of electric vans or trucks, where a precise needs assessment can prevent financial waste during the investment stage.

The aforementioned factors bring us to a crucial decision: selecting the appropriate type of charging station. Fast chargers offer the advantage of time efficiency, while slow charging is believed by some to extend the lifespan of an electric vehicle's battery. Moreover, it is vital to take into account the operational mode of electrical grids and to assess the prospective load.

Among the ABOVE challenges is also the optimal use of space, which clearly becomes relevant in urban environments. Cities are typically more densely populated, which expands the choices of mobility options. At the same time, this means that any electrification idea that ignores the spatial expansion component is initially doomed to failure.

Although the national strategy for the electrification of transport is currently being discussed in Armenia, our country still has a lot to do in this regard, especially when compared to European countries. Many of the latter plan to stop selling internal combustion engine vehicles by 2035. This means that in the following 7-10 years, the demand for charging stations or points will also significantly change.

This challenge is directly related to the third point on our list: how much and what type of space should be allocated from the scarce urban resources for electric mobility infrastructure, primarily charging stations.

Additionally, certain components of electric mobility, such as electric bicycles, personal scooters, or even specific public transport, are critically dependent on available space. Without proper bike lanes, electric bicycles are unlikely to become the best means of transportation. Almost the same can be said about the attractiveness of public transport if it constantly has to waste time in traffic jams.

Despite all this, the spatial challenge contains three variables:

• The structure of the charging network

• The number of vehicles

• The type of vehicles

All these points can also be considered from the perspective of accessibility.

The accessibility issue can be viewed in two dimensions:

Profitability: Solutions ensuring electric mobility should be viable and economically profitable for cities and the companies offering them.

Availability: We also need to ensure that these solutions are available to everyone, simultaneously reducing emission levels and expanding people's opportunities.

This equally applies to both the transport units and the infrastructure that supports their operation. In this regard, technological development will play a significant role, which has already allowed a considerable reduction in the cost of battery-operated vehicles. It can be expected that the same will happen with infrastructure, particularly charging stations.

You can find some additional details related to this topic within the module content.